By Judy Siegel-Itzkovich, Israel365News -
Paracetamol – also known as acetaminophen – is a widely available pain killer and fever reducer that has been around since the 1950s. It is widely prescribed and cheap to buy over the counter, making it a common drug. When used at therapeutic levels, paracetamol is usually safe and effective.
The over-the-counter medication is normally found as a 500-milligram tablet but it is often combined with other active ingredients in various preparations. Paracetamol is used to treat mild to moderate pain from headaches, menstrual periods, toothaches, backaches, osteoarthritis, or cold/flu aches and pains.
Although people vary in their susceptibility to paracetamol, between 15 to 20 tablets of 500 milligrams can be harmful. An antidote to paracetamol poisoning protects the liver, but it must be given within 24 hours of overdose. Limiting pack size has reduced sizes of overdoses and numbers of deaths and liver transplantations. Paracetamol overdose may occur intentionally and accidentally – the latter due to the high number of combination products available over the counter. There are also frequent cases of accidental poisoning in children. In the mid-1990s, paracetamol overdoses caused about 200 annual suicides and accidental deaths in England and Wales alone.
Now, researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot have found that gut microbes and host cells jointly contribute to the progression of acute liver failure, which is usually an incurable disease Their study was just published in the prestigious journal Nature Medicine entitled “Acute liver failure is regulated by MYC- and microbiome-dependent programs.” The researchers from the labs of Profs. Eran Elinav and Ido Amit in the institute’s immunology department used mouse models of acute liver failure and discovered three new subsets of liver cells that orchestrate the development of this condition.
The scientists also uncovered signals – from the gut microbiome as well as the diseased liver – that jointly activate these cells and showed that selectively blocking these signals and depleting the microbiome led to marked improvement in liver function and prolonged survival in mice.
An analysis of liver tissue from human patients with acute liver failure revealed a molecular pattern strikingly similar to the one identified in mice in the study, raising hopes that the findings in mice may in the future be translated into a treatment for humans.
Dr. Aleksandra Kolodziejczyk, a postdoctoral fellow in Elinav’s lab, led this project in collaboration with other scientists at the Weizmann Institute and Dr. Amir Shlomai of the liver institute at the Rabin Medical Center in Petah Tikva (near Tel Aviv).
Kolodziejczyk and her colleagues began their research by creating gene expression profiles of 45,000 individual mouse liver cells, ultimately generating a comprehensive liver cell atlas in conditions of health and acute liver failure. The scientists identified 49 cell subsets, of which three new subsets – among stellate, endothelial and Kupffer cells – became abnormally activated as the acute liver failure progressed in the mice.
These previously undescribed cell subsets secreted a large variety of substances that attracted immune cells from outside the liver, which then contributed to its damage. All three new cell subtypes shared a characteristic expression pattern of 77 genes – a pattern controlled by the same regulatory protein, the transcription factor MYC – which suggested that these cells may be activated through a common program.
The team suspected the newly uncovered activation pathway could be regulated by signals from the collection of bacteria in the gut. This makes anatomical sense, since the gastrointestinal tract drains into the liver though a large network of veins, directly exposing the liver to substances produced in the gut and by its microbes.
When the scientists reduced the amount and types of bacteria in the mice by administering wide-spectrum antibiotics, symptoms of liver failure were alleviated. In addition, when they induced acute liver failure in germ-free mice that lack a microbiome, the condition was much less severe than in regular mice.
Further studies of mice with and without a gut microbiome revealed that during acute liver failure, distinct molecules generated by the microbiome accumulate in the liver, where they activate the MYC protein in the three liver cell subtypes that contribute to liver damage. Without a microbiome, MYC activation was attenuated, leading to reduced liver damage.
Kolodziejczyk then worked out the molecular details of MYC activation. She found that the molecules coming from the microbiome activate the MYC program through surface receptors on the three cell subtypes that she had identified earlier as aggravating the liver failure. She also found that the MYC program was activated in the same manner – that is, through the same receptors on the three cell subtypes – by signals coming from liver cells damaged by paracetamol.
When the mice were genetically depleted of functioning receptors, given drugs that blocked MYC or otherwise had the signals between these receptors and MYC interrupted, they no longer developed acute liver failure and their survival was extended.
Gene expression analysis of individual cells showed that in the treated mice, the three newly identified cell subtypes were no longer abnormally activated, and this reduced both the immune cell infiltration and the resultant liver damage.
Finally, the researchers teamed up with Shlomai to analyze liver samples from patients with acute liver failure and to compare them with samples from healthy liver donors. Those from the patients – but not from healthy donors – were characterized by robust MYC activation that was similar to the one observed in mice.
These results raise the possibility that blocking the MYC program by drugs, coupled with microbiome modulation, may prove to be a potential treatment for acute liver failure. “Our findings provide a first step towards achieving a comprehensive understanding of how the microbiome interacts with the host in contributing to acute liver failure,” Elinav concluded. “Such knowledge could lead to a new treatment option for this cureless and devastating disorder.”
Asked to comment, Prof. Jonathan Halevy, a veteran liver specialist and the president of Jerusalem’s Shaare Zedek Medical Center, said the Weizmann research was a “beautiful, comprehensive and original study both in the discovery of the subgroups of cells in the liver whose stimulation plays a role in acute liver failure and in the discovery of the signals from the microbiome. It remains to be seen, of course, whether MYC blockade and broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment will improve acute liver failure conditions in humans as well.”
Reprinted with permission by Israel365 News
